xt72ng4gqw0z https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt72ng4gqw0z/data/mets.xml University of Kentucky. Office of the Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies Kentucky University of Kentucky. Office of the Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies 2007 volumes. Call Number: LD2762.9 .K38c. Accession Number: 2018ua049 journals LD2762.9 .K38c English Office of the Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies  Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection University of Kentucky Odyssey Magazine Research -- Kentucky -- Periodicals Education -- Research -- Periodicals Research -- Kentucky Odyssey: The Magazine of University of Kentucky Research and Graduate Studies, Fall 2007 text images Odyssey: The Magazine of University of Kentucky Research and Graduate Studies, Fall 2007 2007 2007 2026 true xt72ng4gqw0z section xt72ng4gqw0z  

  

UNIVERSITY OF KENI'UCKY
UK .

  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
  

University of Kentucky Research
Fa|l2007

a yss ey

Odyssey Turns Silver

This year Odyssey joins a club with only a few select members—research
magazines that have been publishing for a quarter of a century or longer.
(There are fewer than 10 of us, by my best count.)

Odyssey was founded in 1982 by Susan Stempel,with the support of
Wimberly Royster,vice chancellor for research. In charge of producing UK’s
annual awards report,Susan wanted to put a human face on research at the
university and showcase, for the general public,some of the excellent work
being done here.

In the past 25 years, the magazine has featured approximately 1.200
faculty and graduate studentswhose work has run the full range of research
and scholarshipAnd Odyssey has won over two dozen local. regional and
national awards for writing and design.

This—our 50th issue—includes the second part of our coverage of“green
energy” research at UK along with three special features. Research Spotlights
covers 55 top projects. most of which have previously been featured in the
magazine. Our timeline highlights some of the notable events and achieve—
ments at UK in the past quarter century, and Movers & Shapers is a gallery of
25 faculty who were,or continue to be, influential and visionary in moving
the university forward academically, and enhancing its reputation nationally
and internationally. In selecting faculty to be featured in these sectionsour
staff is very thankful for the thoughtful suggestions we received from our
current college deans and others with sharp institutional memories.

lf through the years Odyssey has achieved its goal of publicizing re—
search that improves the lives of Kentuckians and others, it’s only because
hundreds of faculty, staff and graduate students have taken time to explain
clearly and imaginatively what it is they doThe magazine counts on our
faculty for information and illumination,and we count equally on the sup-
port of the UK administration,especially the Office of the Vice President for
Research,which funds the magazine.

And we thank our readers,all of you who
continue to support us with your sustaining
encouragement and good words.

 
 
 
 

—JeffWorley, Editor

 

 

  

Feature
Coal: Breaking Oil’s Chokehold 32

UK researchers are increasing the efficiency of Fischer—Tropsch,

aWorld War lI-era process for converting domestic sources like
coal and natural gas to liquid transportation fuels, mapping
underground geology for permanent storage of CO‘,,creating
membranes to separate hydrogen from C03, and producing
catalysts to efficiently generate hydrogen for fuel cells.

Research Spotlights
Aging & Alzheimer’s 2

Aluminum as a Major Cause?
Cell Pathways to the Disease

Calcium’s Role in Cell Death

Early-Stage Alzheimer’s

The Nun Study

Agriculture 5

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Erosion-Free Farming

New Plant—Based Natural Products
Better Animal Health in the Commonwealth

Cancer 7 ~
Breast Cancer Breakthrough 3
Less Toxic Cancer Treatment ‘
Early Detection of Lung Cancer

Mapping Adult Stem Cell Growth

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment

Diabetes & Nutrition 10
Fighting Diabetic Blindness

Basic Science in the Fight against Fat
Special Meals to Melt Away the Pounds

Drug & Alcohol Abuse 12

New Treatments for Nicotine & Methamphetamin Abuse
Fighting Drug & Alcohol Abuse
Therapeutic Storytelling

Drug Design & Delivery 14
An Easier Way to Fight Migraines
Push—Button Pain Relief

 

Education 15
Helping Students with Math & Science

Opening the Door to Science for Girls in Kentucky

   

‘ I
,‘f <{{

 

Energy 16

CAER Turns 30

Spray-Painted Solar Cells

Packaging Green Energszhe Coal/
Sawdust Briquette

Engineering 17

The Metaverse:Visualization &Virtual
Environments

Partnering With Toyota

Partners in Aluminum

Improving Coal Preparation and
Miner’s Health

The Environment 19

Fiber Optics in Service to the Environment
Bringing Back the Forest

Putting Mountains of Ash to Work

Literature and the Arts 21

The Electronic Beowulf

Non—Toxic Art ~ L
Saxophone Research #
O

Nanotechnology 23
Harnessing the Power of the Nanotube
Tiny Disease Fighters

Working Together on the Nanoscale

Space Exploration 25
Building Galaxies from Scratch
Spacecraft of the Future

Configuring the Birth of the First Stars

Women’s Health 27
Advancing Women's Health
Good Dental News for Expectant Mothers
Breaking the Cycle ofViolence
against Women

Other Key Research 28
New Treatments for Parkinson’s
Future Treatments for Spinal Cord
81 Brain Injury
Going Smoke—Free
Functional Independence
Telling the Stories That Need to Be Told
Targeting Children's Mental Health

 

  

Research
Spotlight

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l)(l",“'.

Working to Solve the Alzheimer's Puzzle

By now. anyone who follows
medical news in this country
has heard the statistics. An es-
timated 51 million Americans
hayeAlzheimers disease Near—
ly half of people age 85 and
older have Alzheimer‘s. By 2050.
the number of people age (55
and oyer with this disease will
range from 11 million to 16 mil—
lion unless science finds away
to preyent or effectiyely treat it.
With the establishment in 1980
of the Alzheimer’s Disease Re—
search Center at UK‘s Sanders—

 

Brown ('enter on Aging. one ot
the 10 original centers in the
United States. UK positioned
itself as a leader in .>\lzheiiner's
research. And work has con!
tinued at a feyerish pace: in
2000 to 2005 alone. 83 extra—
murally funded projects were
under way at Sanders-Brown,
The projects featured on the
following pages represent only
a small fraction of the total

research effort in the past 23
years to understand and treat
this deyasting disease.

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cell Pathways to the Disease

In the early- and mid95)0s. the Sand»

ers—Brown center began working at the
molecular level to try to understand
the mechanisms of Alzheimer‘s disease
Mark Mattson. a neurobiologist. Mark
Lovell. now in the UK chemistry depart-
ment. and William Markesbery found
that beta peptides [short molecules
formed from the linking of amino acids]
cause nerve cell damage by inducing a
free—radical process called “lipid peroxi—
dation" in the nerve cell membranes.
Lipids are fatty or waxy substances that
constitute. along with proteins and car-
bohydrates. the principal components
of living cells.

"We found that such lipid peroxida—
tion results in the impairment of protein
function in the membrane that normally
transports ions (sodium and calcium)
out of the cell and glucose into the cellf~
says Markesbery. “This results in exces-
sive elevation of intracellular calcium
levels and reduced energy production in
the neurons. rendering them vulnerable
to degeneration and death.“

   

Calcium's Role in Cell Death

In a separate but complementary project, Philip Landfield,
UK professor of pharmacology, and his research group were
making other discoveries about calcium’s changing role in
nerve cells as this relates to Alzheimer’s disease. in order for
nerve cells to function properly, they must maintain a narrow
range of calcium concentrations. Calcium channels increase
with age in neurons, flood the cell with calcium, and lead
to a host of age-related, nerve cell malfunctions.

Backed by a $1.4 million NIH award and a $5 million
award from
the National
Institute on
Aging, Land—
field‘s team
used a pow-
erful microscope to lower the tip of a microscopic glass tube
onto the surface of a dissected nerve cell from an aged rat.
The glass tube was attached to a sensitive electrical amplifier
that measured molecular calcium channel activity. Landfield
explains: “Every membrane has many different kinds of chanA
nels on it. Since we wanted to study only calcium channels,
we introduced drugs known to react with and block other
types of channels."

The NIH recognized the success and the potential of this
work by awarding Landfield‘s group a $7.5 million, five-year
renewal grant, one of the largest ever awarded to UK faculty
solely for research.

Utilizing a new technology called DNA microarray, Landfield
began analyzing thousands of genes and genetic pathways
to better understand how Alzheimer’s progresses. His team
also invented and patented technology to extract isolated
nerve cells for molecular analysis. Using these approaches,
the researchers were able to see which gene pathways were
involved in aging and Alzheimer’s disease.

“The most important thing to come out of this approach is
that we identified hundreds of genes that correlated with the
early phases of aging and Alzheimer’s," Landfield (standing,
below) says. “We were then able to assign identified genes
to biological process categories to get an idea of which cel-
lular pathways were being turned on.”

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

 

 
 

too much calcium =
nerve cell damage

 
   
   
 
 

 

 MC|-\
pre-Alzheimer' s

Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease

Early detection and prevention are the keys to lighting Alzheimer's

 

disease. according to Markesbery. And detection of the earliest
phase of memory decline has become so important that there is
now a term used to describe this research focus: mild cognitive
impairment. or MCI.

Several I‘K researchers. including Stephen Scheff. a professor of
anatomy and neurobiology at the Sanders—Brown (‘enter on Aging.
are working to better understand M('l. The project is focused on
a group of more than 100 people who don‘t have Alzheimer’s. but
about half are at high risk of developing the disease because of
their family history. All of these subjects have agreed to donate their
brains for analysis after they die.

“These participants undergo extensive cognitive testing and repi‘ev
sent a unique resource for research into the relation between nemo
pathologic changes and cognitive performance in aging." Scheff says.
“By studying this normal group of volunteers. were getting closer
to being able to detect the earliest possible onset of the disease.
and we believe that with early preventive treatment. we can slow
the progression of Alzheimer's." Frederick Schmitt. a UK prolessor
of neurology. is working with Scheff on this project.

In separate work on MCI at UK. Allan Butterfield. director ot the
Center of Membrane Sciences. has done a study of brain tissue
of patients who had been diagnosed with MCI. finding that the
brains of these patients consistently showed elevated oxidative
stress. “The implications of these findings are that such stress may
drive the conversion of MCI to Alzheimer's." says Butterfield. also a
professor of chemistry. In this work. his lab used proteomics. the
large-scale study of proteins' structures and functions. and was the
first to identify which brain proteins were modified in :’\lzheimer's
and MCI. “We found a key oxidized protein in common." Butterfield
says This dysfunctional protein could account for the three major
pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer‘s and M('I. which may relate to
loss of memory and cognition."

“in early or
reatdett we
the progree

   

          

slow
slon oi Alzheimer‘s

 

  

The Nun Study

Since 1986. David Snowdon, a
professor of neurology in the
UK College of Medicine, has
led an ongoing, well-publicized
research program that is pro—
foundly changing the way we
view aging and old age. Known
as the Nun Study. the project
involves 678 members of the
School Sisters of Notre Dame
religious congregation. The sis—
ters. who range in age from 75 to
107. have allowed unprecedented
access to their personal and
medical histories and undergo
rigorous annual mental and
physical testing.

Perhaps most remarkably.
each nun also has pledged to
donate her brain for Snowdon's
research after she dies. During
the last 15 years, 535 sisters have
donated their brains. making the
Nun Study a unique resource for
scientific discovery.

The study has yielded ground-
breaking information about
what we can do to help prevent
Alzheimer's disease and live ac-
tive. productive lives well into
old age.

The major findings from the
study so far:

° If the brain remains free of

strokes. dementia-like memory

loss and confusion are less
likely.

' Folic acid may reduce brain

damage from Alzheimer's dis-

ease.

° Low linguistic ability in early

life is a potent predictor of

Alzheimer‘s disease later in

life.

' Expression of positive emo-

tions in early life such as

happiness. love and hope is
strongly related to longevity.

   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
   
  
     
   
    
  
   
  
 
 
 
   
     
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
   

 Agriculture

Mare Reproductive
Loss Syndrome

In the equine industry,
2001 may be remembered
as the Year of Lost Foals.
Mare Reproductive Loss
Syndrome hit Central Ken—
tucky hard—an estimated
3() percent of thorough—
bred foals died. and the
state lost around $336
million from these deaths
in all breeds of horses.

A multi-talented team
of UK scientists moved
quickly to find out how
and why this happened.
Roberta Dwyer and David
Powell (veterinary scienc-
es) rapidly developed and
led an epidemiological
survey that associated Eastern Tent Caterpillars with MRLS. Bruce
Webb (entomology). Karen McDowell and Mike Donahue (vet—
erinary science), Neil Williams (UK Livestock Disease Diagnostic
Center). and Merlin Lindeman (animal sciences) then pooled
their expertise to show that the caterpillars caused the diseaseA
series of studies over the next five years revealed that when horses
inadvertently eat the caterpillars, their hairs become embedded
in the lining of the horse‘s alimentary tract. Once that protective
barrier is breached, bacteria invade the mare‘s placenta and fetal
tissue—ultimately causing the loss of the fetus.

Research led by Dan Potter in entomology led to several new
and effective options for farm managers to control Eastern Tent
Caterpillars. For example UK tested a new formulation of a com-
pound called abamectin, developed by the U Mauget Company.
which manufactures insecticides, fungicides. fertilizers and an—
tibiotics for tree care. and found it effective for control of tent
caterpillars. The insecticide is sent into a tree‘s leaves and roots
through small, shallow drilled holes.

“The product. Abacide 2. showed 100 percent control of the
caterpillars in trials done by UK researchers.” says Potter. Abam»
ectin is the first effective non—spray caterpillar insecticide on the
market where the active ingredient has low toxicity to people
and livestock.

 

Better Animal Health
in the Commonwealth

Healthier animals in Kentucky has
been the goal of UK’s Department
of Animal and Food Sciences
from its beginningsays chair Bob
Harmon, and there are two start-
ing points for this work.“Through
basic research, we develop sci-
entific data that can be applied
to solve common problems on
farms in Kentucky and nationally,
and our work is also directed by
discussions with our extension
faculty, who work with farmers
on a daily basis.”

Beef cattle research has in-
cluded studies of nutrient use
and efficiency at the cellular, tis-
sue and organ levels, physiology
of digestion,animal metabolism,
and grazing systems to enhance

 

  

profitable production of high-
quality beef. Swine nutrition-
ists have helped define the
safety of genetically modified
feeds and identified diets to
reduce environmental impact
and odors. Studies of copper
needs in dairy cattle have
contributed to the definition
of copper requirements and
to healthier dairy cows. Stud—
ies on foal and mare nutri-
tion have helped Kentucky’s
renowned equine industry
produce quality foals. And
poultry research has focused
on reducing excretion of nu-
trients and enhancing meat
and eggs.

Recently, UK researchers
have partnered with a global
leader in the animal feed in—
dustry—Alltech—to meet the
common goals of improving
animal health and perfor-
mance by adding nutritional
value to animal feed, and
increasing animal health. “ln
2004,Alltech, located in Nicho
lasville, Kentucky, was looking
for a research site to help
solve emerging challenges to
animal agriculture, so they
came to us,” Harmon says.
“And the Alltech—UK Nutrition
Research Alliance began.”

He adds that the department
has several internationally
recognized nutritionists who
recently chaired committees
for the National Research
Council to create publications
that establish the nutrient
requirements for dairy cattle,
swine and horses.

“These publications are the
gold standard for animal nutri—
tion,” Harmon says.

of all
drugs
come
from
plants

Erosion-Free Farming

A sloping field that has been conventionally tilled can lose the equivalent
of 50 tons of topsoil per acre after a heavy rain.This doesn‘t just hurt the
farmland—it costs farmers time and money: and much of that topsoil ends
up dirtying Kentucky's waterways.

That's why UK agricultural experts and Kentucky farmers have been studying
the benefits of no—till farming since the mid—1960s and working to develop
more ecologically friendly tillage methods.

“No—till is the practice of leaving cover crops or the residues of the previ—
ous crop to protect the surface of the soil. like a mulch." says Lloyd Murdock.
a professor of plant and soil sciences at UK. ”No-till prevents soil erosion.
improves the quality of the soil and reduces the cost of farming by eliminat-
ing many tillage, trips over the field." He adds that this revolutionary method
assures a sustainable soil base for good food and crop production for as long
as the soils are cropped.

Murdock estimates that about 75 percent of Kentucky's suitable farming
acres face some degree of erosion risk—that’s 11.4 million acres.“The mulch
fights erosion and creates an environment that conserves water in the soil
for the benefit of the crop.“ Murdock says. No—till methods are used for corn.
soybeans and wheat.

New Plant-Based Natural Products

The College of Agriculture and its
partners in pharmacy and medi-
cine have developed important
new technologies from extensive
studies of plant biochemistry and
drug development. This work has
led to the founding of companies
whose products have direct agri-
cultural and medicinal applica-
tions.This area of research activity
is called UK’s Natural Products
program.

Natural products research at
UK’s Kentucky Tobacco Research
and Development Center (KTRDC)
may mean good news for Kentucky
farmers. The center is working to
discover new products in plants,
and utilize plants as novel manu-
facturing systems for commercial
production.

“Around one-fourth of our me-
dicinal drugs are derived from
plants. We also use plants as
sources of natural spices, food,
fibers, and oils," explains Maelor
Davies, KTRDC director, who has
led the center in the direction of
natural products research since
coming to UK in 1996.“We’re sup-
porting scientists who are looking
at native Kentucky plants and their

potential as sources of valuable
new materials.“

This work at the KTRDC and ef-
forts in other UK centers and col-
leges have led to several natural
products faculty startups.

ParaTechs, the culmination of
research by Bruce Webb (entomol-
ogy).seeks to use insect molecular
biology to identify genes from in-
sect parasites and pathogens that
can be utilized for insect control
and development of natural prod-
ucts.

Oraceuticals, founded by Brad
Huang and Jeffrey Ebersole (Cen—
ter for Oral Health Research),
and Cindy Burklow, uses natural
products, particularly those derived
from Kentucky native flora, which
possess anti—inflammatory and an-
timicrobial propertiesto prevent or
manage oral infections

Yaupon Therapeutics, based on
research by Linda Dwoskin and
Peter Crooks (pharmaceutical sci—
ences), develops small-molecule
pharmaceuticals. The researchers
have had success with lobeline, an
alkaloid from lobelia, a Kentucky
native plant,which blocks the desire
for methamphetamine.

 Breast Cancer
Breakthrough

Here's a good-news story about an
extremely aggressive form of cancer,
starring 4,000 women nationwide.
These women participated in a clini-
cal trial of a drug called Herceptin,
research sponsored by the National
Cancer lnstitute. At issue was the
drug‘s effectiveness in reducing
the spread of HERB positive breast
cancer

Compared to other types of breast
cancer, HER-2 is more likely to
metastasize to other organs—even
in spite of chemotherapy—and to
recur more often after treatment.
Of the more than 2,100 women
who will be diagnosed with breast
cancer this year, 20 to 25 percent
will get the bad news that they have
this virulent type of cancer.

The trials included women whose
HER—2 cancer had not yet spread
to other organs, but whose cancers
did show a strong tendency to
spread. Half of the patients received
chemotherapy only, while half
received Herceptin along with
chemotherapy.

The results were incred-
ibly encouraging: The
number of cases of recur—
rent breast cancer was 52
percent less in the women
who received Herceptin
along with chemotherapy.
“It was absolutely incontro—
vertible that this benefit is
real—this drug can be a
life-saver,” says UK can—
cer researcher Edward
Romond, who headed

up this trial. 5

 

    

  
  

Less ToxreMCancer Treatment

People facing several bouts of radiation and chemotherapy to
treat cancer realize they may get pretty sick before they can get
well. But research conducted by a UK toxicologist suggests that by
incorporating a natural body enzyme into existing treatments, the
result might be a lot less toxic for patients.

Daret St. Clair, a researcher at the UK Chandler Medical Center, is
continuing to study the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide
dismutase (MnSOD), which may suppress the growth and even
eventually help eradicate the existence of cancer. “We’re still far
away from a non-toxic drug that can stop cancer, but the good

news is that this enzyme we’ve been working with is a natural

body enzyme—it is essential for the survival of normal tissue,
which makes it an important tool for the fight against toxic ef-
fects of other anti—cancer drugs,“ St. Clair says.
Her previous research has shown that this enzyme, which
is located in the mitochondria (the energy producers) of the
cell, slows the growth of cancer. Antioxidants like MnSOD are
believed to offer protection against free radicals, molecules
with unpaired electrons that move through the body and
destroy proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
“Our lab is one of the two leading groups in the country
with this particular focus on cancer research,” St. Clair
adds.

 

  

Mapping Adult Stem Cell Growth

A discovery in stem cell research may mean good news for cancer
patients undergoing chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.

Gary Van Zant, a professor of internal medicine in the UK College of
Medicine, and Ying Liang, a postdoctoral scholar in internal medicine,
have genetically mapped and identified a stem cell gene and its protein
product. Laxetin.This is the first time such a complete study on a stem
cell gene has been done.

This particular gene is important because it helps regulate the number
of adult stem cells in the body, particularly in bone marrow Researchers
hope the gene, along with Latexin, can be used clinically for ramping
up the stem cell count in certain types of cancer patients.

One big obstacle chemotherapy patients face is stem cell loss after
treatments.This loss limits the dosage amount and types of chemotherapy
that can be given. But if Latexin
were used to increase the stem
cell count, patients would be
able to receive increased doses
of chemotherapy and recover
more quickly Increased stem
cell counts also would be
valuable during bone marrow
transplants, where stem cell
count is critical in helping a
patient recover from cancer.

“We’re thinking about cancer
in a big way,”saysVan Zant,who
also serves as clinical director
of the stem cell processing lab
at UK.“This is a great example
of translational research—4mm
the most basic type of genetic
research all the way to possible
treatments for patients.”

 

Early Detection
of Lung Cancer

Here‘s a Number 1 not to be
proud of: Kentucky has the
highestincidenceotand death
rate from lung cancer in the
nation.

A UK team of lung cancer
researchers hopes to cut into
these grim statistics with a new
test that looks at the immune
systems response to the most
common type of lung cancer.
This test accurately predicts
the disease years before detec—
tion by CT scans, according
to a recent study by Edward
Hirschowitz and Li Zhong
(pulmonary and critical care
medicine). Such early detec»
tion of non—small—cell lung
cancer could significantly
improve a patients chance of
survival.

“Cancerous cells express
protein antigens that are
alien to the body. leading the
immune system to produce
antibodies that attack the an—
tigensf‘says Hirschowitz.“Such
antibodies can be used as
biologic markers for tumors.
meaning the presence of the
antibodies might signal the
presence of cancer cells. We
looked at corresponding an—
tibodies that recognize these

 

 

 l

h -
Everett McCorvey, the Alumni
Association Endowed Professor
of Voice and director of Opera,
has performed in dozens of cities
around the world and theaters
across the country, including the
Metropolitan Opera and Queen
Elizabeth Hall in London. A
faculty member since 1991,
McCorvey also teaches and
mentors students seeking
professional singing careers.

Robert Lawson, the
Charles S. Cassis
Professor of Law, has
been a faculty member
in the College of Law
since 1966. He has
been extensively
involved in law reform
efforts in Kentucky,
acting as the principal
drafter of both the
Kentucky Penal Code
and the Kentucky Rules
of Evidence.

Doris Wilkinson, 3 faculty
member at UK since 1967, has
a distinguished record of
professional and scholarly
achievements, including the
founding of the African
American Studies and Research
Program and the Black Women's
Conference at UK. Her honors
include the American
Sociological Association’s
Dubois-Johnson Frazier Award,
a Ford Fellowship to Harvard,
and UK’s Hall of Distinguished
Alumni Award.

Kentucky’s most notable historian,
Thomas Clark saved from destruction 3
large portion of Kentucky’s printed
history, which later became a core body
of documents in the Kentucky
Department for Libraries and Archives.
Clark, who taught for 37 years at UK, is
a perhaps best known for
his 1937 work A History
y of Kentucky, still
‘3 considered the
definitive history of
the Commonwealth.

In 1977, Tom Dillehay
began excavations in
Monte Verde, Chile,
which showed that there
was human habitation
in the New World
12,500 years ago-—
1,300 years earlier than
previously believed.

His discoveries attracted
international attention
and have challenged the
long-established Clovis
theory of the first
human arrival in the
Americas.

James Cobb has served as
director of the Kentucky
Geological Survey for the
past eight years as it
achieved national acclaim
for its research in coal,
water, geologic hazards,
and digital mapping. As
survey director and state
geologist, he has provided
national leadership in
public understanding
of our
nation’s
coal
resources.

"if

 

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